Microbiology (BIO
108) – Chap. 16-18: Human Defenses
Learning Objectives
1. Describe the role of the skin and mucous membranes in nonspecific resistance.
2. Distinguish between mechanical and chemical factors and list five examples.
3. Provide examples of the normal skin flora and their role in affecting how the
skin functions as an ecosystem.
4. Describe the process of phagocytosis and list the stages in it.
5. List the stages of inflammation and explain the role of vasodilators.
6. Describe fever and explain its cause and effects.
7. Describe the three major effects of complement activation.
8. Distinguish between immunity and nonspecific resistance.
9. Explain the function of antibodies and describe their structural and chemical
characteristics.
10. Distinguish between humoral (antibody-related) and cell-mediated immunity.
11. Describe the role of B cells and the clonal selection theory.
12. Distinguish between a primary and a secondary immune response.
13. Describe at least one function for each of the following: TH cell, TS cell, APC, MHC,
activated macrophage, NK cell.
14. Define vaccine and explain why vaccination works.
15. Define herd immunity and give an example.
16. Distinguish between the following vaccine types and provide an example of each:
attentuated, inactivated, toxoid, component and conjugated.
17. Compare and contrast the four types of acquired immunity.
18. Define the boldface terms in chapters sixteen, seventeen and eighteen(pp. 509-514) and add them
to your vocabulary.