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CHEMISTRY
124/106
CHAPTER
TIPS
World of Chemistry, Essentials, 4th ed.
The list
below is in two sections. Section One shows
highlights as well as the "competencies" or skills you should expect to gain
from textbook chapters 1- 3, 13, 5, 8- 10, 12,
and 14. Section Two covers the last three chemistry chapters
which are descriptive and address specialized topics. The areas on
which to focus for each chapter are highlighted.
Section
One
Chapter 1 Living in a World of Chemistry
-compare
chemistry to the other sciences
-know vocabulary in bold on p. 9
-what is benefit v. risk analysis?
Chapter 2
The Chemical View of Matter
-page 23 is a good graphic for the classification of matter
- know what a balanced equation is and how
to balance simple ones
-use units to show all math in lab reports as well as for
textbook problems; a good illustration of the factor/label method is on page
31 (note the ex. for
converting 5.0 in. to 0.14yds).
Chapter 3
Atoms and the Periodic Table
-history and names are not as important as the ideas and their
development
-know the fundamental particles, proton, neutron and electron and how
they fit in the modern theory of atomic architecture
-be able to compare and contrast the Bohr atomic theory with the modern
one
-be able to read and create isotopic notation like that given
for Neon on page 47
-outer electronic arrangements are the most important (see p.
52)
-see the chart on page 58; know how to read the chart - do NOT memorize
it! The chart is a tool you will learn to use.
-the vocab in bold print in section 3.6 is important
-be able to draw Lewis dot diagrams of all the A elements
-trends on the chart are labeled by period (row) and by group (column)
-trends you should know are for: 1) metallic props. (2)
atomic radius
(3) metal reactivity and (4) nonmetal reactivity
Chapter
13 Nuclear Changes and Nuclear Power
-for alpha, beta and gamma radiation be able to
compare the following: charge, mass, penetration
-page 287-88 has a good explanation of nuclear reactions; be able to write
balanced nuclear reactions for alpha, beta or gamma emissions;
-understand and describe half-life
-be familiar with applications (ex.
medical) and hazards
-be able to distinguish fission from
fusion
Chapter 5
Chemical Bonding and the States of Matter
-all the bold terms are ones to know (good vocabulary)
-understand and/or describe the following: ion formation, the ionic
bond, ionic compounds and their properties
-nomenclature is an important part of this chapter; this means you
should be able to write an ionic compound formula if given the name OR write
the name if given the formula
-for this purpose there is some memorization work:
know the names/symbols of the A elements
know the names/formulas of the most common
polyatomic ions whose names are listed here: ammonium, hydroxide, acetate, nitrate,
sulfate, cyanide, carbonate, bicarbonate, and phosphate
(look up their formulas on page
99, table 5.1)
-be able to describe Covalent Bonds and the atoms that typically
make them (single, double and triple
- define an alkane
- be able to name binary covalent
compounds
-be able to draw Lewis
strucutres (page 103 - 106)
-be able to distinguish polar vs. nonpolar covalent bonds
-compare and contrast polar vs. nonpolar molecules
and relate to molecular shape
- describe Hydrogen Bonding and know why it is important for
water
-be able to discuss and predict Intermolecular Forces
-be able to discuss the properties of
gases
-know the unique properties of water (sec. 5.7)
-learn the
meaning of all bold print terms about solutions
- define terms: melting point, crystallization, sublimation,
condensation
Chapter
8 Chemical Reactivity
 | Equation Balancing
this is an important skill to master. Practicing helps. See the drills
and explanations p.163.
|
| The "Mole"
the
definition of molar mass is based on mass from the atomic weights listed on the periodic chart.
Relate moles to balanced chemical equations through molar coefficients.
Be able to answer questions like those in the concept
check, 8A, p. 167-168
|
|
Define Reaction Rate, Activation Energy, exothermic, endothermic, entropy
|
| List
factors affecting rate
|
|
Define a dynamic equilibrium
|
| Use
Le Chatelier's Principle to explain how an equilibrium adjusts to stress
|
| What
are the Laws of Thermodynamics/ What do they mean?
-----MIDTERM EXAM----
|
Chapter
9 Acid-Base Reactions
As usual, the terms in
bold print are important.
For Acids, Bases and their related topics be able to:
| define "acid" and "base"
; strong and weak acid/ strong and weak base |
| write formulas and names of common
laboratory acids & bases |
| cite examples of household acids & bases |
| write a balanced neutralization reaction |
| define pH |
| Use bracket method
only to do pH computations |
| know the range of possible pH values and
what they mean |
| know the pH of a few household
chemicals (see fig. 9.2) |
| define a buffer and give an example
|
Chapter
10 Oxidation - Reduction Reactions
(sections 10.1, 10.2 and 10.3 only)
Know bold print
terms.
Learn the various definitions of oxidation
and reduction which are:
Oxidation: Oxygen gain; Hydrogen
loss; electron loss
Reduction: Oxygen loss; Hydrogen gain; electron gain
The most general of these is the
electron loss/gain perspective.
A
simple memory device is to recall, an oil rig:
Chapter
12 Energy and Hydrocarbons (sec 12.6- 12.9 only)
and Chapter 14 Organic Chemicals and Polymers
Define hydrocarbon; list the 3
classes; describe their differences
Know formulas, names, and use of methane, propane, butane, etc.
Compare straight chain to branched chain; cylic to aromatic
Be able to write condensed formulas
Describe the benzene molecule
Be able to draw simple molecular structures
Define isomer; draw isomers for a given molecular formula
Compare cis and trans isomers
Know and recognize functional groups of these classes of organic compounds:
alcohols, ethers,
aldehydes, ketones, esters, carboxylic acids
Know examples of addition and condensation polymers
Section Two
Chapter 15 Chemistry of Life
(sections 15.1, 15.2, 15.3, and 15.6 only)
Define
: chiral, enantiomers,levo- and dextro- isomers, optical isomers, racemic
mixtures (ex. thalidomide disaster)
Carbohydrates
Sugars
Monosacs.[glucose,fructose] honey-
glucose/fructose mix
Disaccs [sucrose,maltose,lactose]
Know examples of artificial sweetners
Polysaccs.[ starch(amylose, amlyopectin),glycogen,
cellulose fiber ]
Lipids
waxes, fats, oils, steriods
fats are esters
what are
monounsatd, satd and polyunsatd fatty acids?
cis vs, trans unsatd fatty acids
Atherosclerosis (arterial plaque)
Cholesterol +protein = lipoprotein (water soluble)
LDL; HDL
Steroids
cholesterol example
as a starting material for hormones [ progesterone, testosterone]
Waxes
esters with long chain R groups
Amino Acids
peptide bond
what are
"essential amino acids"?
Chapter 16
Nutrition
Digestion
Digestion= hydrolysis
H2O + carbs-à ??
H2O + proteinà ??
H2O + fatsà ??
Know location; enzymes needed
End products:
1) used for energy 2) used for bio synthesis 3) stored as fat
BMR
Proteins
complete protein
Not stored
Diet
Macro and micronutrients
RDAs
FDA pyramid
Vitamins
Fat solubles-A(vision),D(Ca
uptake),E(antioxidant),K(blood clotting)
Water solubles- B, C
Minerals- macro see p. 413; micro-iron,copper,zinc,iodine &
others
food additives
what's the GRAS list?
food decomposition by oxidation and microorganisms
food preservation - define "hypertonic", "osmosis"
what are the common antioxidants?
what are sequestrants?
what are fat calories?
Chapter 17
Chemistry and Medicine
OTC v. prescription
Largest prescriptions: antibiotics, hypertension(high BP)
Generic v. brand name
Infectious disease
from 1900 - now
Drugs: (chemotherapy) sulfa, antibiotics, others- cephalosporins, tetracycline,
erythromycin
AIDS
Caused by HIV virus; a retrovirus that penetrates & kills T cells of immune system
AZT retards progress, not a cure; toxic side affects
Steroid Hormones
oral birth control pills
HRT (disease, hysto,menopause)
Neurotransmitters
Norepinephrine,serotonin
Antidepressants
Dopamine- memory, emotion,muscle movement & Parkinson's conversion
of L-dopa
Epinephrine- "fright or flight"
Uses: cardiac arrest, low BP,asthma,allergic shock
Pain Killers
Alkaloids
Morphine(opiods)
Heroin-synthetic morphine product
Codeine,Demerol
Analgesics/antipyretic/anti-inflm.
Aspirin acetlysalicylic acid
Tylenol - acetaminophen..only one that's Not acidic; NOT anti-inflm
Advil - ibuprofen
Aleve - naproxen
Mood Altering Drugs
Sched 1, sched. 2
Depressants..dose important
Sedation->sleep-->gen. anasth->coma->death
Barbiturates
Benzodiazepines (librium, valium)
Stimulants
They increase Norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine
Amphetamines,cocaine
Hallucinogens
Mescaline, LSD, marijuana, PCP
OTC
Antihistamines; decongestants; expectorants; antitussives
Sunscreens
uv index
Melanin
MED
Sunscreens absorb UV light (ex. PABA)
SPF
Toothpaste = deter+abrasive
what is tartar? what is plaque?
what are examples of abrasives used in toothpaste?
how does fluoride prevent tooth decay? - what's the chemistry?
Cardiovascular disease
Lovastatin-lowers cholesterol
Diuretics- lowers BP
Vasodilators- for angina
Beta blockers; calcium channel blockers -used to prevent angina & other aspects of
heart disease
AntiCA Drugs
CA- unrestrained cell growth; initiation and promotion
Three Treatments: surgery, irradiation, chemo
Chemo:
Alkylating agents --prevent DNA replication and cell division
Antimetabolites --also interferes with DNA synthesis.
All these anti CA drugs kill healthy AND CA cells
Side affects
Chemo best for systemic CAs like leukemia
FORENSIC CHEMISTRY
Vocabulary-
define "forensic"
generalist vs. specialist
"criminalist"
review: chem props vs phys props;
sci.method
Forensic Analysis [steps]- identify
(two types), classify, individualize
class characteristic; natural variation
individual characteristic (examples?)
Fingerprints: 3 types- latent, plastic
and negative
Methods of print development: powder
dusting, ninhydrin, silver nitrate, iodine, superglue fuming, pht reaction
Color testing- compare to our Kitchen
Khem lab
omit sections 6 and 7
This page was last updated on
12/06/08 | 
