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| Bureaucracy "Bureau"
is the French word for "office." Bureaucracy means rule by
offices. Your position within the organization is based on your title and rank. Both together define your role within the organization. There is a linkage between your job title and your pay scale. At the top of public
bureaucracies are the political leaders, which, in democracies, are usually Max Weber, the German Sociologist, wrote extensively on bureaucracies. He developed the concept of "ideal types" and fashioned an "ideal type of bureaucracies." (http://www2.pfeiffer.edu/~lridener/DSS/Weber/BUREAU.HTML) Bureaucracies are large, formal organizations. They exist as both governmental and non-governmental (private) organizations. Private bureaucracies include both religious bodies like the Roman Catholic Church and business organizations like General Motors or IBM. All modern business corporations are bureaucratically organized. All modern states have a large bureaucratic components. We usually refer to the governmental bureaucracies as the administration, which is usually under the direct supervision of the chief executive, the President in Presidential systems or the Prime Minister in Parliamentary systems. In the United States, the bureaucracy refers to the Executive Branch of Government. The U.S. President is the chief bureaucrat who rules both the civilian and the military agencies and departments of the executive branch of government. Bureaucracies operate internally through written rules and procedures. Positions within the bureaucracy are defined by law and attached to particular offices. Individuals play the defined roles prescribed by their office. There is a hierarchy of offices, which are usually functionally organized on the basis of some principle of specialization. Office holders are ranked and their pay scale depends on their ranking. They receive a regular salary and are generally prohibited from receiving favors (bribes) from their clients. Positions are generally filled on the basis of merit and specialized training. In public bureaucracies, a civil service system has been established. Democratically elected leaders usually serve at the top of the bureaucratic hierarchy. These elected leaders are usually assisted by a top group of politically appointed managers. While the civil service bureaucrats are supposed to be politically neutral expert managers, the political managers pursue politically motivated goals. There is often tension between the political top management and the career professionals: between the democratic and the bureaucratic principles of management.
Selected Models of the Policy Making Process The
Systems Model Pluralist Model Elite-Mass Model Marxist Model Bureaucratic Politics Model Incrementalist Model Rationalist Model
Agenda Building Interest Articulation Agenda Formulation Interest Aggregation Agenda Adoption Congress How a Bill Becomes a Law Agenda Implementation Executive Branch Agenda Evaluation By Congress and Executive based on:
Policy Making Process (Version 2) Agenda Setting Policy Deliberation Policy Enactment Policy Implementation Policy Outputs Policy Outcomes based on:
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