|
|
|
|
The Christian Church Chronology First Century: 1 A.D. (C.E.) - 99 A.D. (C.E.)
John the Baptist (c 6-2 BCE – 30 CE
Jesus
of Nazareth (c 6 BCE- 30-33 CE The Desposyni In Ebionite belief, the desposyni included his mother Mary, his father Joseph, his cousin John the Baptist, (and in the modern Protestant Christian perspective), his sisters and brothers such as: James the Just, Joses, Simon and Jude; in modern Catholic and Orthodox Christian belief, Mary is counted as a blood relative, Joseph only as a foster father and the rest as close relatives, such as step-siblings or cousins. The Twelve Apostles According to the list occurring in each Synoptic Gospels (Mark 3:13-19, Matthew 10:1-4, Luke 6:12-16), the Twelve chosen by Jesus near the beginning of his ministry, those whom also He named Apostles, were:
The individual that the Gospel of John names as Nathanael is traditionally identified as the same person that the Synoptic Gospels call Bartholomew, and most would agree that the sons of Zebedee is likely to be a reference to James the Great and John, while Judas (not Iscariot) probably refers to Thaddaeus, also known as St. Jude. Noticeably missing from the Gospel of John are James, son of Alphaeus, Matthew, and Simon the Canaanite/Zealot. James the Just was, according to the Book of Acts, the leader of the Jerusalem church, and Matthew is noticeably the most Jewish of the Gospels, and it may be the case that the author of John deliberately left out these two figures for a motive opposed to Jewish Christianity. By the second century, the presence of two Simons in the list of the Synoptic Gospels allowed a case to be made for Simon Magus being the other of the Simons, and hence one of the twelve apostles; and it may have been for this reason that John left the other Simon out. The second Simon may also have been Simeon of Jerusalem, the second leader of the Jerusalem church, after James. Copied from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve_Apostles#The_Twelve_Apostles (accessed on August 3, 2007).
The
First Jewish Christians in Jerusalem NASORAEAN |—heretical Jewish sect NASOREAN |—that predated Christianity NASARAEAN |—by al least one century
NAZARENES—early Jesus followers
NAZORAEAN-- offshoot of Nazarenes
NAZARET -- Town in Galilee
NAZIRITE
|-- Ascetic Jews who took A nazirite or nazarite, (in Hebrew: נזיר, nazir), refers to a Jew who took an ascetic vow described in Numbers 6:1-21. The term "nazirite" comes from the Hebrew word nazir meaning "consecrated" or "separated".[1] This vow required the man or woman to:
After following these requirements for a designated period of time (which would be specified in the individual's vow, and not to be less than 30 days), the person would immerse in a Mikvah and make three offerings, a lamb as a "burnt offering" (olah), a ewe as a "sin offering" (hatat), and a ram as a "peace offering" (shelamim), in addition to a basket of unleavened bread, grain offerings and drink offerings, which accompanied the peace offering. The nazirite is described as being "holy unto the Lord" (Numbers 6:8), yet at the same time must bring a sin offering. This contradiction has led to divergent approaches to the nazirite in the Talmud, and later authorities.( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazirite)
Nasoraean, Nasoreans or Nasaraean (Grk: Nasaraioi) is the name of a heretical Jewish sect described by Epiphanius of Salamis. They pre-dated the Christian era by at least 100 years. The word means watchers/guardians and their most infamous leader "The Wicked Teacher" spoken of in Essene traditions and in the Talmud is called Ha-Notzri. . . . They are described as fallen angels in the book of Jubilies. Due to the superficial conversion of many of them to Christianity, mainstream Christianity retains many characteristics of their faith and as a result, Christians are not distinguished from Notzrim in Hebrew. We find Epiphanius speaking about this sect in Bashan and Galaatides (Panarion 18; 20, 3; 29, 6, 1; 19, 5) who rejected temple sacrifice and the Torah but adhered to other Jewish practice. He describes them as vegetarian and distinguished them from Nazoraeans who did "know Christ". They are sometimes identified as the group called Nazorei by Filaster.
The Nazarenes (Hebrew: Netzarim, נצרים) were a group of early followers of Jesus of Nazareth who, like the Ebionites, were noteworthy for refusing to follow Christianity in its complete break with Judaism.
Nazoraean is the designation given to a first century offshoot of Nazarene Judaism by Epiphanius. Their distinguishing characteristic was a belief that Jesus was a Nazirite. Nazoraeans might have been the post-Jesus continuation of the pre-christian Nasoraeans A movement that came to reject the Pauline interpretation of one of their former members. Pauline Christianity becomes Orthodox, Official, Catholic Christianity. Paul (Saul) of Tarsus (10 CE – 64 or 67 CE) The Letters of Paul Christians in Rome First Persecutions under Nero ~64 A.D. Martyrdom of Peter and Paul 64 or 67 CE Destruction of the Temple and Jerusalem by Titus in 70 A.D. Writing the Gospels c. 70 – 100 CE
Philo
(20 BC - 50 AD), known also as Philo of Alexandria, Philo Judaeus,
Jewish historian Josephus (37–c.100 CE)
First
Century Church
Second Century, 100 - 199 A.D. Development of Church Organization Role of Bishops Presbyters become Priests Growing Distinction between Clergy and Laity Third Century, 200 - 299
Bishops were nominated by the clergy, simply approved by the Formation of a Hierarchical Church Growth of Christianity during Third Century Decline of Roman Empire At the beginning of the Century, Christianity was hostile to Roman Empire Tertullian, ~160 - ~225, a Christian writer from Carthage, wrote: "What has Jerusalem to do with Athens, the Church with the Academy, the Christian with the heretic? . . . After Jesus Christ we have no need of speculation, after the Gospel no need of research." (Spielvogel, p. 204) Plotinus, 205 - 270, a Neoplatonic philosopher, "believed that one could use reason to perceive the intimate link between the invisible spiritual world and the visible material world. The human soul, without divine assistance, could achieve union with God--the perfect One. Christian theologians used Neoplatonic concepts to explain doctrines on Christ, especially the distinction between his human and divine natures. In many ways, then, Christianity served to preserve Greco-Roman Culture and to keep alive a vision of a past golden age that would later help generate a series of revivals of classical thought in an attempt to recapture that earlier world. Emperor Decius, 249 - 251, blamed Christians for failing Roman Empire. First systematic persecution of Christians. Diocletian last great persecution. He recognized the failure of his effort. Christianity had become too large to be eradicated. If you can't beat them, join them Fourth Century Church, 300 - 399
Constantine's
Edict of Milan in 313 granting toleration and privileges. Eusebius of Caesarea (c. 275 – May 30, 339) (often called Eusebius Pamphili, "Eusebius [the friend] of Pamphilus") was a bishop of Caesarea in Palaestina and is often referred to as the father of Church history because of his work in recording the history of the early Christian church and forging unity among proto-orthodox advocates. An earlier version of church history by Hegesippus, that he referred to, has not survived
St. Anthony, ~250 - ~350, father of Eremitical Monasticism, created a new ideal of the monk who died to the world and achieved spiritual life through denial, asceticism, and mystical experience of God. Individual withdrawal from the world often carried to extremes. It attracted crowds. Hermits. The ascetic ideal. St. Pachomius, ~290 - 346, father of Cenobitic Monasticism, organized communities of monks and wrote first rule for monasteries. He emphasized obedience and manual labor. About 320, he organized cenobitic communities that included convents for women. St. Basil, 329 - 379, true founder of Christian monasticism in eastern part of Roman Empire. Julian, 360 - 363, tried to restore paganism, failed.
*Pope Damasus,
366 - 384, addressed other bishops as "sons" rather than Theodosius, 378 - 395, made Christianity the Official Religion of the Roman Empire Ambrose, Bishop of Milan, b. ~339 bishop 374 - 397, wrote manual on the administrative responsibilities of bishops; defended the independence of bishops from the state; denounced Theodosius for a massacre in Thessalonica. Denied Emperor Theodosius the Christian sacraments until he did public penance. First of the four Latin Church Fathers Fifth Century 400 - 499 Augustine, 354 - 430, came to Milan in 384 as a Professor of Rhetoric; fell under the influence of Ambrose. Bishop of Hippo, 396 - 430. Great Theologian. Wrote on free will, grace, and predestination. Influenced Protestant Reformers in 16th century. Confessions, written in 397 City of God, written after sack of Rome in 410 Second of the Latin Church Fathers.
Jerome, 345 - 420., born in Dalmatia, studied in Rome, settled in
Bethlehem. Third of the Latin Church Fathers Roman Emperors of the West: 395 to 476 A.D . The Visigoth Invasion of Italy Alaric the Visigoth sacked Rome in 410 A.D. Romulus Augustulus, 475 - 476 A.D., last emperor of the West; ousted by Odoacer, the Visigoth Odoacer deposed the Roman Emperor of the West in 476 and returned imperial regalia to Zeno, Eastern Roman Emperor in Constantinople. Odoacer was killed (493) by Theoderic, the Ostrogoth, who had been encouraged to do so by Zeno. Attila the Hun, ~ 406 - 453, invaded Italy in 452. *Leo I, 440 - 461 expounded doctrine of Petrine supremacy. Tradition has it that he stopped the Huns from attacking Rome in 452; may have bought them off or else a plague stopped them; nonetheless actions increased prestige of papacy. Sack of Rome by the Vandals in 455 under Gaiseric. *Gelasius I, 492 - 496, produced doctrine of the two swords: Church and Empire; Church has heavier burden. Conversion of Clovis of the Franks to Catholic Christianity 496? Sixth Century 500 - 599 Ostrogothic Kingdom, 493 - 554 Theoderic marched into Italy, killed Odoacer, and established Ostrogothic Kingdom in 493; Ostrogoths were Arian Christians. Theodoric, king, 493 - 526, ever more repressive rule. Dual administration St. Benedict of Nursia, ~480 - ~543, father of Western Monasticism . Came from a noble Roman family and received an excellent education; sought hermitic solitude; attracted followers, founded first monastery in Monte Casino. Rejected the ascetic ideal of fasting and self-inflicted torments in favor of work and prayer Reconquest of Italy under Justinian, 535 - 568 . Emperor Justinian of Eastern Roman Empire, 527 - 565. "Byzantine armies reconquered Italy between 535 and 554, devastating much Lombard Kingdom of Northern and Central Italy, 568 - The Lombards invaded Italy in 568 and conquered much of northern and central Italy. Harsh rulers, little interested in Roman ways, fought each other. Ravenna remains under control of the Eastern Roman Empire. Pope Gregory the Great, 590 - 604. Established the temporal power of the Papacy by assuming direct control for the city of Rome. He sought to defend Rome against the Lombards. Extended Papal authority over the Church in the West. Intervened in ecclesiastical conflicts in Italy; Corresponded with Merovingian rulers and urged church reform; Successfully initiated efforts by missionaries to convert England to Christianity. After their conversion, the Celts of Ireland and Anglo Saxons of England Gregory is considered to be the fourth of the Latin Church Fathers, although of lesser quality. His Dialogues are a compilation of saints' lives in which miracles are stressed; spiritual forces intervene in everyday life. The Book of Pastoral Care is his most important work. Gives detailed advice on how a good bishop should care for his flock. Basic medieval _______________________________________________________________ 1. Germanic Kingdoms 400 - 750 Ostrogothic Kingdom of Italy Visigothic Kingdom of Spain to 711 A.D. when conquered by Muslims; had been previously weakened by effort of Eastern Roman Emperor Justinian's to reconquer it. Vandal Kingdom in North Africa Frankish Kingdom in Gaul (France) Clovis, 482 - 511, created Frankish Kingdom, founder of Merovingian Dynasty; Neustria, Austrasia, and Burgundy--three parts ruled by Merovingian Bloodfeud, Wergeld, Compurgation, Ordeal was based on divine intervention: God or the gods would not allow an innocent man to die. Anglo Saxon Kingdoms in Britain 2. Development of Monasticism St. Pachomius, ~290 - 346, father of Cenobitic Monasticism, organized communities of monks and wrote first rule for monestaries. He St. Basil, 329 - 379, true founder of Christian monasticism in eastern St. Benedict of Nursia, ~480 - ~543, father of Western Monasticism came from a noble Roman family and received an excellent education. S Rejected the ascetic ideal of fasting and self-inflicted torments in favor of Public Prayer Seven Times a Day. Communal Life: Monks ate, worked, 3. Four Latin Church Fathers Ambrose, Bishop of Milan, b. ~339 bishop 374 - 397 Augustine, 354 -430 Jerome, 345 - 420 Pope Gregory the Great, 590 - 604 4. The Popes: Bishops of Rome *Damasus, 366 - 384 addressed other bishops as "sons" rather than "brothers" *Leo I, 440 - 461 expounded doctrine of Petrine supremacy heir of Peter, to whom Jesus had given "the keys to the kingdom of God" *Gelasius I, 492 - 496 doctrine of the two swords: Church and Empire; Church has heavier burden *Pope Gregory the Great, 590 - 604 real founder of Papal States
Revised August 2007
|
