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Documenting Sources

Using Turabian or Chicago

A sample bibliography in the style of Kate Turabian’s Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses and  Dissertations, 6th ed, 1996. Updated and compared with Chicago Manual of Style, 15th ed. 2003.

Susan J. C. Bissett 2005
Modified H. Damerow 2007

You must cite your sources!

No kidding!

Citing sources

it's the American way to write!

Documentation is needed for

• Direct Quotation

• Paraphrasing

• Summarizing

Documentation is key to building a bibliography.

1.  Direct Quotes

Lincoln appeals to the emotions of his audience during his first inaugural address:

"The mystic chords of memory, stretching from every battle-field and patriot grave to every living heart and hearthstone all over this broad land, will yet swell the chorus of the Union when again touched, as surely they will be, by the better angels of our nature."1

1. Abraham Lincoln, “First Inaugural Address, 1861,” ed. K. W. Jennison, The Essential Lincoln, New
      York: Franklin Watts, 1971, 157-169.

Direct Quotation  It is best to use a direct quotation whenever…

• The original text uses official, legal, or scientific terminology,

• The original language is especially expressive, beautiful, or otherwise significant,

• It is necessary to present someone’s exact words without any interpretation or change,

• You wish first to present an author’s exact words, then to give your interpretation of those words.

2. Paraphrasing

It’s not exactly what was said, but it still needs to be cited!

Lincoln’s first inaugural address tugs at the heartstrings of his audience. He appeals to the people of North and South to remember their treasured shared heritage of constitutional government, so that the nation could continue united, despite ongoing disagreements. 2

2. Abraham Lincoln, “First Inaugural Address, 1861,” ed. K. W. Jennison, The Essential Lincoln, (New
    
York:  Franklin Watts, 1971): 157-169.

Paraphrasing Paraphrasing gives you the opportunity to explain the original source by…

• Putting someone else’s thoughts into your own words,

• Making those thoughts clearer and more to the point,

• Applying thoughts from one context to another context,

• Giving further examples of how the idea works.

3. Summarizing

The first volume of Carl Sandburg’s biography of Abraham Lincoln covers

his childhood, youth, and early adult years.3

3. Carl Sandburg, Abraham Lincoln: The Prairie Years and the War Years, (New York: Harcourt
     Brace, 1926, 1939).

Why use Turabian?

• Turabian is a student’s version of the Chicago Manual of Style.

• Turabian (or Chicago) is the preferred citation style for history, political science, or religion. It can also used in literature, art and library science.

• Turabian and Chicago styles are reviewed and brought up to date periodically.

Citation Options

Footnotes? Bibliography?

Whatever happened to Parenthetical References and Works Cited?

Although the Turabian Manual does have a parenthetical reference style, the footnote-bibliography style is required at UCC. So that’s what you’ll see here…

What’s a Bibliography?

• A bibliography is an alphabetical list of all the information sources used to research a topic.

• For each source, full bibliographic detail is listed. This includes author, title, volume,place of publication, publisher, year of publication, page numbers, etc.

• A bibliography is found at the end of a research paper. This is usually not annotated.

Annotated bibliographies contain a brief description of each source following the bibliographic entry.

(Sample) Bibliography

Barclay, Linwood. “Science Gives Aphrodite a Pain in the Butt.” Toronto Star 21 September
     2002. (Ontario Edition). K02. http://lexis-nexis.com/universe

Butler, Judith. Antigone’s Claim. New York: Columbia University Press, 2000.

Lefkowitz, Mary R. Greek gods, human lives: what we can learn from myths. New Haven,
     CT: Yale University Press, 2003.

Lefkowitz, Mary R. and Maureen B. Fant, comps. Women’s Life in Greece and Rome: A
     
Source Book in Translation. 2nd ed. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press,
    1992.

Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. s.v. “Morpheus.” Available online
    
http://en.wikipedia.org.  (Accessed on March 3, 2005).

Schein, Seth L. “Verbal Adjectives in Sophocles: Necessity and Morality.” Classical
     Philology Vol. 93
, no.4 (Fall 1998): 293-307. Available online at http://search.epnet.com.
    (Accessed on June 3, 2003).

Bibliography entries are listed in alphabetical order.

Entries are single spaced, with one space between entries. Format your entries with a HANGING INDENT.

A period separates each complete citation element.

Sample Annotated Bibliography Entry

Lefkowitz, Mary R. and Maureen B. Fant, comps. Women’s Life in Greece and Rome: A
   
Source Book in Translation, 2nd ed. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press,
    1992.

Lefkowitz has gathered primary documents from ancient Greece and Rome that shed light on the status of women in those societies. Documents in this collection include wills, funeral orations, and letters, as well as excerpts from philosophers, ancient historians, and religious and medical writings.

In an annotated bibliography, each bibliography entry is followed by a paragraph describing the contents of the material sited.

The entry should have a hanging indent.

The annotation may have a paragraph indent.

The list is in alphabetical order by the first element of each bibliography entry.

Capitalize the first and last words of titles, and all other words in the title, except

• Articles (a, an, the)

• Prepositions (of, in between, among, etc.)

• Coordinating conjunctions (and, but, or, etc.)

• The to in an infinitive (When to Move)

Italicize OR Underline:

Titles of whole published works (books, journals, newspapers, long poems, etc.  Dr. Damerow prefers underlining

Use “Quotation Marks”:

Titles of shorter works, chapters of books, articles in a magazine; also unpublished works.

What’s a Footnote?

• Footnotes (found at the bottom of the page) tell the reader exactly where the information cited can be found.

• The first note indicating use of a source will give full bibliographic information (author, title, date of publication, publisher, etc.) plus the page number for the information cited.

• Additional footnotes immediately following the first can be noted with Ibid. (meaning in the same place), followed by the page number for the information cited.

• Additional footnotes referring to a previous note, but not immediately following list the author’s name (title of work when necessary) and the page number.

Sample Footnotes on a Page

[Heading of the Paper]

Suzy Smartstudent History XYZ
April 1, 2008 Prof. Quark

[Text on Page of Paper]

It was conventionally understood in the ancient world that women were to be silent in public places. Valerius Maximus refers scathingly to “those women whom neither the condition of their nature nor the cloak of modesty could keep silent in the Forum or the courts.23  Deutero-Paul advised churches to “suffer not a woman to teach…but to be in silence.”24 Argumentativeness in a woman was associated with “low morals.”25

__________________

   23. Valerius Maximus, “Memorable Deeds and Sayings,” comps. Mary R. Lefkowitz and Maureen B. Fant, Women’s Life in Greece and Rome: A Source Book in Translation, (Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992),151.

   24. 1 Tim. 2:12, (King James Version).

   25. Maximus, 152.

__________________

Oh NO!!

Not FOOTNOTES!! ANYTHING but footnotes!!

Actually, footnotes are easy to make on a computer.

Making footnotes on the computer

File Edit View Insert Format Tools Table Window Help

Break

Page Nos

Symbol

OtherStuff

Reference

Caption

Cross Reference

Tables

Footnote

1. Place the cursor in the place in your text where a footnote should go.

2. Click Insert on the toolbar.

3. Then click Reference and select Footnote.

4. A box will pop up, and you can type the information (us the N forms).

5. The computer will automatically insert a superscript numeral at the point where the footnote is needed, and will number each footnote at the bottom of the page.

6. If you need to add additional footnotes in the middle of a paragraph, the computer will automatically renumber all the footnotes in your document.